diff --git a/packages/builder/lib/base64.ts b/packages/builder/lib/base64.ts
index befe229..279c057 100644
--- a/packages/builder/lib/base64.ts
+++ b/packages/builder/lib/base64.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export const base64UrlEncode = (
 
   // Use environment-specific encoding
   let base64: string;
-  if (typeof globalThis !== 'undefined' && 'btoa' in globalThis) {
+  if (typeof globalThis !== 'undefined' && typeof globalThis.btoa === 'function') {
     // Browser environment
     base64 = globalThis.btoa(text);
   } else {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ export const base64UrlDecode = (input: string): ArrayBuffer => {
   const base64 = base64UrlDecodeString(input);
 
   // Decode based on environment
-  if (typeof globalThis !== 'undefined' && 'atob' in globalThis) {
+  if (typeof globalThis !== 'undefined' && typeof globalThis.atob === 'function') {
     // Browser environment
     const binaryString = globalThis.atob(base64);
     const bytes = new Uint8Array(binaryString.length);
@@ -71,5 +71,9 @@ export const base64UrlDecode = (input: string): ArrayBuffer => {
     return bytes.buffer;
   }
   // Node.js environment
-  return Buffer.from(base64, 'base64').buffer;
+  const buffer = Buffer.from(base64, 'base64');
+  return buffer.buffer.slice(
+    buffer.byteOffset,
+    buffer.byteOffset + buffer.byteLength,
+  );
 };
diff --git a/packages/builder/lib/payload.ts b/packages/builder/lib/payload.ts
index 453ca9d..c6853df 100644
--- a/packages/builder/lib/payload.ts
+++ b/packages/builder/lib/payload.ts
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ const padPayload = (payload: Uint8Array): Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer> => {
   const maxRandomPadding = Math.min(100, availableSpace);
   const paddingSize =
     maxRandomPadding > 0
-      ? Math.floor(Math.random() * (maxRandomPadding + 1))
+      ? crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(1))[0] % (maxRandomPadding + 1)
       : 0;
 
   const paddingArray = new ArrayBuffer(
diff --git a/packages/builder/test/unit.test.ts b/packages/builder/test/unit.test.ts
index 33b89b5..d045633 100644
--- a/packages/builder/test/unit.test.ts
+++ b/packages/builder/test/unit.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from 'vitest';
+import { base64UrlDecode } from '../lib/base64.js';
 import { buildPushHTTPRequest } from '../lib/main.js';
 import type {
   BuilderOptions,
@@ -217,6 +218,35 @@ describe('Subscription Keys Validation', () => {
   });
 });
 
+// ============================================================================
+// Base64 Decoding Tests
+// ============================================================================
+describe('Base64 URL Decoding', () => {
+  test('decodes to exact byte length in default runtime path', () => {
+    const decoded = new Uint8Array(base64UrlDecode('AQ'));
+
+    expect(decoded).toEqual(new Uint8Array([1]));
+    expect(decoded.byteLength).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  test('decodes to exact byte length in Buffer fallback path', () => {
+    const originalAtob = globalThis.atob;
+    // Force Node fallback path to verify sliced ArrayBuffer behavior.
+    // `Buffer#buffer` alone would expose backing store, not exact bytes.
+    // @ts-expect-error test override
+    globalThis.atob = undefined;
+
+    try {
+      const decoded = new Uint8Array(base64UrlDecode('AQ'));
+
+      expect(decoded).toEqual(new Uint8Array([1]));
+      expect(decoded.byteLength).toBe(1);
+    } finally {
+      globalThis.atob = originalAtob;
+    }
+  });
+});
+
 // ============================================================================
 // TTL Validation Tests
 // ============================================================================