events.js

export const events = [
    {
        "Title": "Harvard Mark 1 is completed",
        "Body": "Led by John Von Neumann, an influential American mathematician and scientist, the Mark was used to calculate the Manhattan Project (which developed the Atomic Bomb) and fulfilled the goals of Charles Babbage's analytical engine. Besides it's technical relevance, it's important for the contributions of Grace Hopper, who was one of it's main programmers.  ",
        "Filters": ["Early Computing", "Women"],
        "Year": 1944,
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Timeline1.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Apple", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Apple is founded",
        "Body": "Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs founded Apple in Job's parent's garage in Los Altos, California.  They first created the Apple 1 microcomputer in their garage. It was later replaced by the more revolutionary Apple II.",
        "Year": "1976",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/AppleLogo.png",
    },

    {
        "Filters": ["Apple", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Apple II introduced",
        "Body": "The Apple II, the sequel to the Apple I, is a computer that was promised to work 'right out of the box'. The Apple II was a hit and may have started the personal computer (PC) revolution.",

        "Year": 1977,
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Timeline5.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Sun", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Sun Microsytems is Founded",
        "Body": "Sun Microsystems, Inc. (Sun for short) was an American technology company that sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services and created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, ZFS, the Network File System (NFS), and SPARC microprocessors. Sun contributed significantly to the evolution of several key computing technologies, among them Unix, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing.",
        "Year": 1982,
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Timeline6.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Apple", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Apple launches the Macintosh",
        "Body": "The Macintosh 128K, originally released as the Apple Macintosh, is the original Apple Macintosh personal computer.\n\nIts beige case consisted of a 9 in 23 cm CRT monitor and came with a keyboard and mouse. A handle built into the top of the case made it easier for the computer to be lifted and carried.\n\n It had an initial selling price of $2,495 equivalent to $6,140 in 2019.\n  \nThe Macintosh was introduced by the now-famous $370,000 equivalent to $910,541 in 2019 television commercial directed by Ridley Scott, ‘1984’, that aired on CBS during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984.\n\nSales of the Macintosh were strong from its initial release on January 24, 1984, and reached 70,000 units on May 3, 1984. Upon the release of its successor, the Macintosh 512K, it was rebranded as the Macintosh 128K. The computer is Model M0001.",
        "Year": 1984,
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Timeline8.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Apple", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Apple Newton is released",
        "Body": "The Apple Newton, a personal digital assistant (PDA) was technologically innovative but issues with it's handwriting recognition caused to be a commercial failure. In the current day, it's considered a predecessor to the iPhone because of it's Touch Screen and the start of applications like 'Notes' and other third party integrations.",

        "Year": 1993,
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Timeline10.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Apple", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "The Apple iPad is released",
        "Body": "The iPad combines many of the popular capabilities of the iPhone, such as built-in high-definition camera, access to the iTunes Store, and audio-video capabilities, but with a nine-inch screen and without the phone. ",
        "Year": 2010,
        "Citations": ["Computer History Museum"],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Timeline13.jpg",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Ancient"],
        "Title": "Sumerian Numbering System appears",
        "Body": "The Sumerian System, called \"sexagesimal\", combined a mundane 10... with a \"celestial\" 6, to obtain the base figure 60. This system is in some ways superior to our present one, and much superior to later Greek and Roman systems. It enabled Sumerians to divide into fractions and multiply into the million, to calculate roots or raise numbers several powers. This is the first proof of mathematics",

        "Year": -3300,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/SumerianNumberSystem.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Ancient"],
        "Body": "The Abacus, a precursor to modern calculators and computers was invented around 2,700 B.C. The Abacus uses rows of beads (or other items) to represent digits, the beads are manipulated to represent a simple operation.",
        "Title": "Abacus is invented",

        "Year": -2700,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Abacus.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Ancient"],
        "Title": "A decimal system is in invented in India",
        "Body": "Derived from Brahmi An ancient Indian writing script notation, this nine-digit system was the first mathematic system to introduce importance to the position of numbers, which created the decimal system, which is essential for math and computation.",

        "Year": 500,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Brahminumerals.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Ancient"],
        "Title": "Simple math reaches China and Arabia",
        "Body": "The concept of numbers, zeroes, and decimals makes its way to Arabia and China, setting up future development",

        "Year": 800,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/ZeroArabia.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Medieval"],
        "Title": "Western Europe begins to adopt Arabic mathematics",
        "Body": "Through cultural assimilation brought upon by the Islamic conquest of Spain, Western Europe begins to adopt basic mathematical principles, including the concept of decimals, zeroes, and more. ",
        "Year": 900,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/ArabicSpain.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Medieval"],
        "Title": "Fibonacci Sequence invented",
        "Body": "Leonardo of Pisa aka Fibonacci, a mathematician, publishes Liver Abaci, where many algebraic techniques are shown for the first time, including the Fibonacci sequence, which would later be an essential concept in Computer Science. ",
        "Year": 1202,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/LeonardoPisa.jpg",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Medieval"],
        "Title": "Logarithms are discovered",
        "Body": "Using a calculator called 'Napier's Bones', scottish Mathematician John Napier discovers logarithmic functions.",

        "Year": 1614,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/JohnNapier.jpg",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Medieval"],
        "Title": "Slide Rule is Invented",
        "Body": "William Oughtred, an English Mathematician and pastor invents the slide rule,a simple calculator used for algebra and logarithms.",

        "Year": 1622,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/SlideRule.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Medieval"],
        "Title": "Analytic geometry is discovered",
        "Body": "Rene Descartes, a French polymath, invents Analytic geometry, the first study of shapes using a coordinate system and equations.",

        "Year": 1637,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/AnalyticGeometry.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Medieval"],
        "Title": "First mechanical calculator invented",
        "Body": "Blaise Pascal, another French polymath, invents the world's first Mechanical calculator, the Pascaline, which can only perform addition ",

        "Year": 1642,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Pascaline.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Enlightenment"],
        "Title": "Calculus is Invented",
        "Body": "Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton both independently discover Calculus around 1960",

        "Year": 1680,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Newton.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Enlightenment"],
        "Title": "Leibniz Wheel Invented",
        "Body": "Gottfried Leibniz created the Leibniz wheel, a four function calculator that saved time to create logarithmic tables.",

        "Year": 1694,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/LEIBNIZ-WHEEL.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Enlightenment"],
        "Title": "First Programmable Punched Cards",
        "Body": "Joseph Jacquard creates and implements a memory and programmability using a punched card on a loom",

        "Year": 1801,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Loom.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Industrial"],
        "Title": "First Mass Produced Calculator",
        "Body": "The Arithometer was the first mass produced calculator",

        "Year": 1820,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Arithometer.gif",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Industrial"],
        "Title": "Design of the Difference Engine",
        "Body": "Charles Babbage, an English Polymath, designed the Difference Engine, a machine that could add, subtract, multiple, and divide up to six significant figures.",

        "Year": 1823,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Babbage.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Early Computing", "Women"],
        "Title": "Ada Lovelace becomes First Programmer",
        "Body": "Ada Lovelace became the first programmer by describing Charles Babbage's Analytic Engine, which functions as a modern digital computer, with storage, a processor, and I/O cards. ",

        "Year": 1842,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/AdaLovelace.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Title": "Discovery of Boolean Algebra",
        "Body": "George Boole, an English Mathematician, invents Boolean algebra in 'The Investigation of the Laws of Thought'",

        "Year": 1854,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/GeorgeBoole.jpg",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Title": "Invention of the Modern Keyboard",
        "Body": "Christopher Sholes, an American invetor, invented the QWERTY keyboard in order to prevent typists from hitting more then one key at once.",

        "Year": 1868,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/QWRTY.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Title": "First Programmable Machine",
        "Body": "Herman Hollerith, an American inventor, patents the Tabulating Machine. The Tabulating Machine was the world's first programmable machine, by using keypunched machines.",

        "Year": 1890,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/TabulatingMachine.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Early Computing", "LGBTQ"],
        "Title": "Bombe Enigma Machine Invented",
        "Body": "Alan Turing led the team that designed and created the Bombe, an electro-mechanical device used to break Nazi enigmas. Turing would continue making innovations during WW2. ",

        "Year": 1939,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/TuringBombe.jpg",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Women", "Modern Computing", "POC"],
        "Title": "Katherine Johnson calculates Project Mercury",
        "Body": "Katherine Johnson calculates the trajectory of flight of Alan Shepard, the first American in Space.",

        "Year": 1961,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/KatherineJohnson.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["IBM", "Early Computing"],
        "Title": "Herman Hollerith founds Tabulating Machine Company",
        "Body": "Herman Hollerith establishes the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became International Business Machines IBM",

        "Year": 1896,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/TabulatingMachineCompany.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Title": "Invention of Diode Vacuum Tubes. ",
        "Body": "John Fleming, an English Engineer, invents the diode vacuum tube, which can convert alternating currents AC to direct currents DC.",

        "Year": 1904,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/diodes.jpg",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Title": "Germanium Crystal Conversion of Currents Discovered",
        "Body": "Manson Benedicks, an American physicist, realized that a crystal called germanium could convert alternating currents to direct currents, which would later become a basic component of microchips.",

        "Year": 1915,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Germanium.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Title": "Invention of the Flip-Flop Switch",
        "Body": "British physicists, W.H Eccles and F.W Jordan invent the flip switch, a basic electric circuit that can store data, and is later in used in Computer Hardware. ",

        "Year": 1919,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/FlipFlopSwitch.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Culture"],
        "Title": "First use of the word 'robot'",
        "Body": "Karel Capek, a Czech author and playwright, coins the word 'robot' to describe artificially made people not mechanical, a popular misconception.",

        "Year": 1921,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/RUR.jpg",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["IBM"],
        "Title": "Formation of IBM",
        "Body": "The Tabulating Machine Company, founded by Herman Hollerith, is renamed to International Business Machines IBM. Thomas John Watson became the new chairman.",

        "Year": 1924,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/IBMFirstLogo.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["IBM", "Women"],
        "Title": "Invention of Electric Typewriter",
        "Body": "IBM introduces the electric typewriter and the 601 punch card machines. At first, they train women as technicians for these machines.",

        "Year": 1937,
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/IBM601.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Body": "Hewlett-Packard (known as HP), is founded by the American businessmen Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard to create calculators. ",
        "Title": "Hewlett Packard Founded",
        "Year": "1938",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/hpLogo1.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Body": "The Z1, possibly the worlds first computer, was invented by German scientist Konrad Zuse. It was the first computer to used Boolean logic and floating point numbers. ",
        "Title": "The Z1 computer is invented",
        "Year": "1938",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/zuse.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Title": "Colossus: The First Turing-Complete Computer",
        "Body": "Made by a English team led by Alan Turing working to break German codes during WW2, the all-electronic Colossus is the worlds first programmable and Turing-complete computer. ",
        "Year": "1943",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Colossus.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Title": "Turing machine conceptualized. ",
        "Body": "Alan Turing creates the Turing machine model, which states that is a machine capable of a finite set of configurations (q1,…,qn). A machine capable of this is said to be 'Turing complete'.",
        "Year": "1937",
        "Citations": [
            "De Mol, Liesbeth, 'Turing Machines', _The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy_ (Winter 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)"
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Turing1.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing", "Women"],
        "Title": "ENIAC: The world's first fully electronic computer ",
        "Body": "ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) is invented through the U.S army's research laboratory. It was the world's first programmable, electronic, and digital computer. It was much faster then previous computers and was used to calculate complex mathematical problems, such as the feasibility of thermonuclear weapons. Additionally, all six programmers of the ENIAC were women, who were chosen from a group of researchers at the University of Pennsylvania. These women were some of the first computer programmers, and needed to know a great deal of mathematics, circuitry, and machinery.",
        "Year": "1945",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/ENIAC.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture"],
        "Title": "'As We May Think' is published",
        "Body": "As We May Think, an essay by American mathematician Vannevar Bush, is a visionary essay which predicts the Information age,  including Personal Computers, the Internet, and even Speech recognition.   ",
        "Year": "1945",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/asWeMayThink.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing", "ATAT"],
        "Title": "Invention of the Transistor",
        "Body": "The transistor, a semiconductor device that can amplify and/or switch electronic signals is invented at Bell Labs. Transistors are now basic building blocks of electronics.",
        "Year": "1947",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/firstTransistor.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Title": "EDSAC built, the world's first digital stored-program computer",
        "Body": "The Electronic delay storage automatic calculator (EDSAC), developed by researchers at the University of Cambridge was the first computer that could fully store variables and programs in memory.  ",
        "Year": "1948",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/EDSAC.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Title": "UNIVAC 1, the first commercial computer, is built",
        "Body": "The world's first commercially sold computer, the UNIVAC 1, was built by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.",
        "Year": "1950",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/UNIVAC.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture"],
        "Title": "First use of computers to predict elections",
        "Body": "The UNIVAC 1 was used by CBS to predict the 1952 U.S presidential election, and it successfully predicted Dwight D Eisenhower, using only 5.5% of the voter turnout. ",
        "Year": "1951",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/UNIVAC-CBS.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["IBM", "Early Computing"],
        "Title": "IBM introduces the IBM 650",
        "Body": "The IBM 650, although slightly inferior to the UNIVAC benefits from IBM's business relationships, and becomes the best selling computer of the 1950's.",
        "Year": "1953",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/IBM650.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing"],
        "Title": "Whirlwind 1: First computer to use RAM",
        "Body": "The Whirlwind 1, a computer developed for the U.S Navy and led by Jay Forrester, a American Computer Scientist, is the first computer to use magnetic core memory, otherwise known as RAM. ",
        "Year": "1951",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Whirlwind1.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing", "IBM", "Culture"],
        "Title": "Development of SAGE ",
        "Body": "The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) began to be developed. Using an enormous network of AN/FSQ computers, manufactured by IBM, which utilized the RAM techniques of the Whirlwind 1,  a connected network of computers could predict and defend the U.S from nuclear attack. It's enormous scale wowed the public and inspired movies such as Dr. Strangelove.  ",
        "Year": "1955",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Sage.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing", "AI", "Culture", "LBBTQ"],
        "Title": "Conceptualization of the Turing Test",
        "Body": "Alan Turing posits the 'Turing Test', a test that decides if a machine can truly think for itself. The test consists of the user interacting with a machine and not detecting that it is a machine. It remains an important milestone in AI, and it is debated whether or not it has been passed. Additionally, it has remained relevant in pop culture, in movies such as Blade Runner, Ex Machina, etc.",
        "Year": "1950",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/turingTest.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing", "Languages"],
        "Title": "FORTRAN, the first widely used programming language, is invented",
        "Body": "John W. Backus, an American Computer Scientist, invents Fortran, the first widely used High level programming language. Fortran was the dominant high level programming language for decades, until the early 80's. Although no longer popular, it is still used in legacy applications. ",
        "Year": "1957",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Fortran.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Early Computing", "Languages", "AI"],
        "Title": "Lisp, a nonprocedural programming language, is invented",
        "Body": "LISP, the worlds first nonprocedural high level programming language, was invented by John McCarthy, an American Computer Scientist. Lisp was designed to be used for AI research, and became the favored language for AI researchers. Lisp 'dialects' are still widely used. ",
        "Year": "1958",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Lisp.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Culture", "Gaming"],
        "Title": "PDP-1: World's first Microcomputer",
        "Body": "The Programmed Data Processor (PDP-1), developed by the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), is invented. The PDP-1 is relevant in numerous ways. Primarily, it was the first 'minicomputer', a computer meant for personal use by computer researchers. Furthermore, it also became popular with the burgeoning 'hacker' community. Because of these hackers, the PDP-1 was the first computer used to create a video game, and was possibly the first computer used to produce music.",
        "Year": "1960",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/PDP-1.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture"],
        "Title": "I, Robot is released to the public",
        "Body": "I, Robot, is written by author/scientist Isaac Asimov, and is considered the first mainstream usage of Robots in popular culture. Asimov himself later became one of the most influential science fiction writers ever, although his work usually did not deal specifically with computers.",
        "Year": "1950",
        "Citations": [
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/iRobot.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Languages", "Modern Computing", "Women"],
        "Title": "COBOL Invented",
        "Body": "COBOL (Common business-oriented language) was developed by computer scientist Grace Hopper, whom was working for the US Department of Defense. It was meant to quickly process data, and became widely used in applications handling large amounts of transactions. It is still used today, although it has been in decline since the 2000's.  ",
        "Year": "1960",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/COBOL.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Gaming"],
        "Title": "First Computer Game",
        "Body": "Spacewar, the first computer game, is made by MIT researched Steve Russel, on a PDP-1",
        "Year": "1962",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Spacewar.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Languages"],
        "Title": "Invention of ASCII",
        "Body": "ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is created by the American National Standards Institute. The ANSCII standardizes how characters/letters are represented.  ",
        "Year": "1963",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/ASCII.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Languages"],
        "Title": "Invention of BASIC",
        "Body": "BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is invented by American computer scientists Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny, who were researchers at Dartmouth College.  Due to it's ease of use and small size, most minicomputers and microcomputers began to adopt BASIC for general use by consumers. BASIC was the de facto home programming system until the early 1990's.",
        "Year": "1964",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Basic.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Hardware"],
        "Title": "Invention of the Computer Mouse",
        "Body": "At the Stanford Research Institute, inventor and computer scientist Douglas Engelbart invented the first computer mouse. ",
        "Year": "1964",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Mouse.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Intel"],
        "Title": "Intel is founded",
        "Body": "Intel is founded by American businessmen Gordon Moore, Andy Grove, and Robert Noyce in Mountain View, California ",
        "Year": "1968",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/IntelLogo.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Internet"],
        "Title": "ARPANET: The technical backbone of the internet",
        "Body": "ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) went online, it was first wide area network to use TCP?/IP protocol and packet switching. It was the technical foundation of the internet",
        "Year": "1969",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/ARPANET.gif",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "ATAT"],
        "Title": "Development of UNIX OS",
        "Body": "Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie create the UNIX OS at Bell Labs ATAT. UNIX would go on to become either the direct or inspire (called UNIX like) the operating systems of most current operating systems.",
        "Year": "1970",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/UNIX.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["IBM", "Modern Computing", "Hardware"],
        "Title": "Invention of the floppy disk",
        "Body": "IBM introduces the 8-inch floppy disk, a method of storage that uses a think magnetic disk enclosed in fabric. The disk itself is read and written by a floppy disk drive.  ",
        "Year": "1970",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Floppy.png",
    },

    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Languages"],
        "Title": "Invention of Pascal",
        "Body": "Niklaus Writh, a Swiss computer scientist designs Pascal. Pascal is a small and efficient language that uses a lot of data structures to enforce good practices. Pascal was extremely popular in the 1970s, but was eventually displaced by the C programming language during the 1980s due to the rise of UNIX operating systems. ",
        "Year": "1970",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Pascal.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Gaming"],
        "Title": "First Video Game Console",
        "Body": "The Magnavox Odyssey, developed by Magnavox, was the first video game console. The console had some very simple games, including a predecessor to Pong, but the console did not sell well. ",
        "Year": "1972",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Magnavox.png",
    },
    {

        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Gaming", "Atari"],
        "Title": "Release of Pong/Atari is Founded",
        "Body": "Pong, the first arcade video game, is introduced by Atari, a company founded by Nolan Bushnell. The game consists of a 2D representation of table tennis, and was a hit.",
        "Year": "1972",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Atari.png",
    },

    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Languages", "ATAT"],
        "Title": "Invention of C",
        "Body": "At Bell Labs, Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson develop C.  C is a procedural, statically typed language meant for low level (low level generally consists of code not directly accessed by a consumer) programs. C gradually became the world's most popular programming language, and is still ranked the top language to this day, due to it's cross-platform compatibility and usefulness with compilers, computer systems, and backend systems. Additionally, C has influenced almost every other language in use today, including direct dialects like C++ and even languages like Java and Javascript. ",
        "Year": "1972",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/C.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Software", "Xerox"],
        "Title": "First WYSIWYG program",
        "Body": "Bravo, the first WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) document processor is created for the Xerox Alto. ",
        "Year": "1974",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Alto.png",
    },

    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Microsoft", "Hardware"],
        "Title": "Altair 8880: First popular personal computer",
        "Body": "The Altair 8880, a 'microcomputer' using an Intel 8080 CPU, is sold through mail to order and becomes popular with hobbyists. It was key in the formation of Microsoft and is often recognized as popularizing personal computers.",
        "Year": "1975",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/AltairPoster.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Microsoft", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Microsoft is Founded",
        "Body": "Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975. They wrote a BASIC interpreter for the Altair 8880",
        "Year": "1975",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/MicrosoftLogo.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Apple", "Software", "Modern Computing", ],
        "Title": "VisiCalc released",
        "Body": "VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program for personal computers, was released by VisiCorp for the Apple II. It is considered the first 'killer app', a piece of software that drove hardware sales",
        "Year": "1978",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/VisiCalc.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Languages", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Ada language is developed ",
        "Body": "Ada, a programming language named after Ada Lovelace, is released. It is touted as the language of the future by the U.S government, although it never achieves this status. Ada supports strong types and is similar to Pascal. ",
        "Year": "1980",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Adalanguage.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["IBM", "Hardware", "Microsoft", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "IBM PC is released",
        "Body": "The IBM PC was released in 1981. It used an open architecture, which inspired subsequent PC clones such as the MPC 1600 produced by the Colombia Data Products. The OS itself was written in MS-DOS, which brought Microsoft to relevance. The IBM PC was a huge hit and competed with the Apple II for marketshare. Most non Apple personal computers are descendants of the IBM PC.  ",
        "Year": "1981",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/IBMPC.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "First use of Email",
        "Body": "Ray Tomlinson, an American computer scientist sends the first email using ARPANET, using the @ sign to link a user name to a server.",
        "Year": "1971",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/firstEmail.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture"],
        "Title": "1982 Person of the Year: The PC",
        "Body": "Time magazine's person of the year in 1982 was the personal computer.",
        "Year": "1982",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/TIME1982.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Adobe Systems founded",
        "Body": "Adobe Systems is founded by American businessmen John Warnock and Charles Geschke in 1982. Their first product was the Postscript printing language.",
        "Year": "1982",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/AdobeLogo.png",
    },

    {
        "Filters": ["IBM", "Software", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Lotus Software releases the first killer app for the PC",
        "Body": "Lotus 1-2-3, a spreadsheet app, is released for the IBM PC. It was the first 'killer app' for the PC, and started the Lotus Software company now owned by IBM. ",
        "Year": "1983",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Lotus123.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "TCP/IP becomes standard protocol",
        "Body": "The internet protocol consisting of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) becomes the standard, after the US Department of Defense adopts it for the ARPANET. ",
        "Year": "1983",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/TCP IP.svg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Languages", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "C++ invented",
        "Body": "Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish computer scientist, creates C++, a programming language that extends C. C++ brought classes to C, and is used in many contexts where performance and efficiency are important, such as desktop applications and databases, where the low level approach of C is not as desirable.",
        "Year": "1983",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/C++.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Apple", "Hardware", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Apple Lisa is released",
        "Body": "The Apple Lisa desktop computer was released by Apple, it's price (9,995 dollars) made it a commercial failure. However, it's technical achievements such as protected memory and document oriented workflows (reminiscent of a typical modern GUI) were adopted over time.",
        "Year": "1983",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Lisa.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing", "Hardware"],
        "Title": "CD-ROM introduced",
        "Body": "The Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) form of data storage is introduced by Sony. The first product to use it is the Sony CDP-101 disk player. ",
        "Year": "1984",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/CD-ROM.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture"],
        "Title": "William Gibson writes Neuromancer",
        "Body": "The novel Neuromancer, written by American author William Gibson, coins terms such as cyberspace, popularizes hacking and computer science in popular culture, and starts the cyberpunk genre.",
        "Year": "1984",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Neuromancer.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "The first use of CGI in The Last Starfighter. ",
        "Body": "Hollywood began to use Computer Generated Images (CGI), starting with the movie in The Last Starfighter. ",
        "Year": "1984",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/LastStarfighter.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Microsoft", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Microsoft releases Window 1.0",
        "Body": "Microsoft releases Windows 1.0, their competitor to the Macintosh OS, was released. The first 3 versions of Windows were GUI's for the underyling MS-DOS operating system, which was made for the IBM PC and then extended for other personal computers. It was considered a commercial flop. ",
        "Year": "1985",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Windows1.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Software", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Aldus PageMaker 1.0 is released",
        "Body": "The Aldus Corporation released PageMaker in 1985, a widely successful program that started the desktop publishing industry, by allowing users to make different types of documents. It was later bought out by Adobe Systems.",
        "Year": "1985",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/AldusPagemaker.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Apple", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Macintosh II released",
        "Body": "Apple releases the Macintosh II in 1987, introducing colored displays. ",
        "Year": "1987",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/MacII.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "First Internet Virus: The Morris worm",
        "Body": "The Morris Worm, made by Robert Morris, was the first computer virus to be spread through the internet. Morris, who simply wanted to see if it a virus could spread through the internet, replicated itself continuously (due to a coding mistake), which served as a denial of service attack. The worm is estimated to have taken down 1/4 of the internet. Morris then became the first person convicted for Computer Fraud.",
        "Year": "1988",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/MorrisWorm.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Tim Berners-Lee outlines the World Wide Web",
        "Body": "Tim Berners-Lee, an English Computer Scientist proposed the idea of a World Wide Web to his (European Council for Nuclear Research) CERN colleagues. Berners-Lee wanted to combine the internet protocol with the domain name system (DNS), and use hypertext to show the content.  ",
        "Year": "1989",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/WWWProposal.gif",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["IBM", "Hardware", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "IBM releases the i486 processor",
        "Body": "Intel released the 80486 microprocessor in 1989, it was the first processor to have more then a million transistors, and could execute around 40 million instructions per second.",
        "Year": "1989",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/i486.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Microsoft", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Microsoft releases Windows 2.0",
        "Body": "Microsoft released Windows 2.0 in 1987, although it introduced Word and Excel, the release was still not that successful, like Windows 1.9",
        "Year": "1987",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/WindowsLogo.svg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Cold War Ends, signaling a new paradigm in technology.  ",
        "Body": "In 1991, the Soviet Union formerly dissolved and the Cold War ended. Although not a part of computer science, it decreased the amount of Military interest in funding Computer Science, which was responsible for things like ARPANET, Ada, COBOL, and much more innovations. ",
        "Year": "1991",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers:fJav the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/ColdWar.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age", "Languages", "Culture"],
        "Title": "The World Wide Web is launched",
        "Body": "Tim Berners-Lee ushered in the Information Age by creating the World Wide Web, commonly called the Internet. The World Wide Web consists of a web server, using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Uniform Resource Locator (URL) for a web server, and a web client by using HyperText Markup Language (HTML). ",
        "Year": "1991",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/1991bernerslee.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["IBM", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "IBM loses PC dominance",
        "Body": "IBM lost its dominance over the PC marketplace, despite originating the name PC,  as more and more competing personal computers were made. ",
        "Year": "1992",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/1990Ad.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age"],
        "Title": "PalmPilot PDA released",
        "Body": "Palm Inc, an American company now owned by HP, created the PalmPilot, a PDA device that used a touchscreen and had its own operating system, PalmOS. Palm Inc would later be a key pioneer in the smartphone industry, as the PalmPilot was a precursor. ",
        "Year": "1997",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/PalmPilot.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age"],
        "Title": "Mosaic: The first Graphical Web Browser",
        "Body": "NSCA Mosaic, the first graphical web browser, was released for free in 1993. Mosaic was developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (UIUC). Although it technically was the not first web browser, it was the first web browser to support images, personal computers, and the internet protocol, hence why we are calling it the first graphical web browser. It was instrumental in popularizing the World Wide Web, but it lost its relevance to Netscape later on.",
        "Year": "1993",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 20a07. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Mosaic.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age"],
        "Title": "Netscape Navigator is released",
        "Body": "American businessmen Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark released Netscape Navigator in late 1994.  By creating features (some of which will be discussed on their own) like on the fly loading of web pages, cookies, JavaScript, and more, Netscape quickly became the dominant web browser for the mid 1990s, until Microsoft's bundling of Internet Explorer started the 'Browser Wars', which Microsoft eventually won by dominating the market. During this period, Netscape was eventually bought out by AOL in 1999, but as AOL and Netscape both failed for differing reasons, Netscape was spun off to become the Mozilla Foundation, who now develops Mozilla Firefox. ",
        "Year": "1994",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/NetScape.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age"],
        "Title": "AOL is 'founded', although it previously existed under a different name.",
        "Body": "AOL (America Online) was 'founded' in 1989 when the company known as Quantum Computer Services changed their name to AOL in 1989. However, Quantum Computer Services had launched an online service for the Commodore 64 and 128, and other mainstream computers previously. AOL would later become the predominant internet service provider until the early 2000's.",
        "Year": "1989",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/AOLogo.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Sun", "Languages", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Java is released by Sun Microsystems",
        "Body": "Sun Microsystems released an object-oriented programming (OOP) language called Java in 1995. Crucially, Java was platform independent and it's OOP practices such as inheritance allowed for adaptable and easy to write code. Java thus became a widely used language, specifically for client-web server applications (Servlet), desktop applications,  and even games.",
        "Year": "1995",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Java.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Oracle", "Modern Computing"],
        "Title": "Oracle is founded: First product is the Oracle Database",
        "Body": "Oracle was founded in 1977 by American Businessmen Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates, as Ellison served as CEO. Their first product was the Oracle Database, a database management system that is now a industry standard. The first version released was a Relational Database Management System that had a basic SQL implementation.  ",
        "Year": "1977",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/OracleLogo.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age"],
        "Title": "Amazon is founded",
        "Body": "Jeff Bezos, an American businessman starts Amazon.com with a large loan from his parents. Originally, Amazon was a small online store where users could buy books.",
        "Year": "1995",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/amazonLogo.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Toy Story: The first full CGI Film",
        "Body": "Toy Story, the first full-length computer generated feature film, is released by Pixar Animation Studios, a company headed by Steve Jobs.",
        "Year": "1995",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/pixar.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Languages", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Javascript released by Netscape",
        "Body": "JavaScript, a language with no real relation to Java, was made by Brendan Eich while working at Netscape. JavaScript is a scripting language for the web that interacts with the Documental Object Model generated by HTML. JavaScript was immediately a huge success and is now sued by over 97% of all websites (including this one!). More recently, Javascript frameworks have come to dominate the frontend code of websites (what the user sees) such as React.JS (what this site uses), and runtime environments (how a language is executed) like Node.JS have exploded in popularity.",
        "Year": "1995",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/JS.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Languages", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "CSS proposed by Hakon Wium Lie",
        "Body": "Hakon Wium Lie, who was working with Tim Berners-Lee, proposed Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) in 1994. CSS is a markup language that styles the Document Object Model generated by the HTML, thereby changing what the user sees when looking at a site. CSS was adopted by Netscape in 1996 and is now used in almost all sites.",
        "Year": "1994",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/CSS.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Microsoft", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Microsoft releases Windows 95",
        "Body": "Windows 1995 was released by Microsoft in 1995, as the title suggests. Most importantly. Windows 95 merged MS-DOS with the Windows GUI, but it also introduced mainstream changes such as adding a taskbar, a start button, notifications, and major GUI improvements. Windows 95 became the most used OS by 1998. Additionally, Windows 95 shipped with Internet Explorer, which started the 'Browser Wars' between Netscape and Microsoft",
        "Year": "1995",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/Win95.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture", "IBM", "Information Age", "AI"],
        "Title": "IBM's Deep Blue defeats World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov",
        "Body": "IBM's Deep Blue, a supercomputer trained to play chess using AI, beat world champion Garry Kasparov. Technically, it signified that powerful computers could beat Humans at tasks previously considered impossible (I.E things like Chess where long term planning and tactics could beat out brute force calculations). Culturally, Deep Blue was a phenomenon as the world was both scared and excited about the possibility/power of AI and computers in general. ",
        "Year": "1997",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. ",
            "“Deep Blue | Down the Rabbit Hole.” YouTube, YouTube, 30 Oct. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwF229U2ba8. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/DeepBlue.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Microsoft", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Microsoft releases Windows 98",
        "Body": "Windows 1998 was the successor to the popular Windows 95. Windows 98 was a 'tuneup' to Windows 95, as it added web integration, by using HTML for apps like Outlook and the File System. It also coincided with the rising marketshare of Internet Explorer, which began to 'beat' Netscape in marketshare.",
        "Year": "1998",
        "Citations": [
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/windows98.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Napster: File Sharing creates controversy ",
        "Body": "Napster, a file trading service on the Internet especially used to share music, was founded. Napster led to a debate over intellectual property and copyright law. Napster was forced by the government to shut down its network, in lawsuit filed by the RIAA. Napster then, unsuccessfully, tried to pivot to a subscription model. Ultimately, Napster's brand is (of 2020) owned by Rhapsody.",
        "Year": "1999",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/napster.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Y2K: A successful disappointment ",
        "Body": "Y2k, also known as the Y2K bug or the Y2K problem, was both the anticipated and actual problems associated with the storage and formatting of dates in computer programs before the new millennium. In the years/months/weeks/days before 1/1/2000, various companies, governments, and organizations fixed their systems to address the problem. Thus, the anticipated failures did not live up to the societal hype perpetrated by non-technical citizens. ",
        "Year": "2000",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/y2k.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "The dot-com bubble begins",
        "Body": "The dot-com bubble began around 1995 when organizations and individuals began to pump money into companies who had a focus on the internet, such as Pets.com and Flooz.com. By the time the bubble 'burst', Nasdaq had rose by 400%.",
        "Year": "1995",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/pets1.jpg",
    },

    {
        "Filters": ["Culture", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Dot-com bubble bursts",
        "Body": " In 2000, the dot-com bubble finally burst, as the general stock market index collapsed by 80%, and general tech companies lost the majority of their market cap. Although many of the companies were actually sound investments, the oversaturation of the market combined with the unsound investments led to a general collapse. Although many companies went bankrupt, some of the more sound companies, like Amazon.com, Yahoo, etc. lost huge amounts of money, but survived.",
        "Year": "2000",
        "Citations": [
            "Swedin, Eric Gottfrid, and David L. Ferro. Computers: the Life Story of a Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. "
        ],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/pets2.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Microsoft", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Windows Me is released",
        "Body": "Microsoft released the Windows Me, which was widely considered a failure due to stability issues and lack of new features.",
        "Year": "2000",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/WindowsMe.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Apple", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Apple develops the macOS",
        "Body": "Apple released macOS (first version was Mac OS X), it was based on the NeXt computer's OS (NeXTSTEP) which was Unix like. This gave Mac users a much needed stability and performance improvements.",
        "Year": "2001",
        "Citations": [],

        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/finder.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Gaming", "Microsoft", 'Information Age'],
        "Title": "Microsoft launches the Xbox Video Game Console series",
        "Body": "Microsoft finally entered the gaming market with the Xbox, which competed with Sony's Playstation and Nintendo products like the Gamecube. The Xbox's online gaming capabilities and blockbuster games like Halo 2 made it moderately successful (although it lost money because the manufacturing price was higher then the retail price). It was later succeeded by the Xbox 360, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X.",
        "Year": "2001",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/xbox.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age", "Google"],
        "Title": "Google is founded",
        "Body": "Google, founded by American businessmen Larry Page and Sergey Brin, was founded in 1998. The two wanted to create a search engine that had a better algorithm for directing users to websites they want to visit, by using an algorithm called 'PageRank'.  It was a better user experience then the other search engines and quickly became the largest search engine. Using this power Google became a major player in the tech field. ",
        "Year": "1998",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/google.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Microsoft", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Windows XP is released",
        "Body": "Microsoft released Windows XP, XP was widely adopted by the industry and remained the largest operating system for around a decade. ",
        "Year": "2001",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/windowsXP.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Apple", "Software", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "iTunes is released for the Mac",
        "Body": "Apple released iTunes in 2001. At first, iTunes was only supported on the Mac and was a song player and song management tool. iTunes transformed the music industry by changing music distribution to a digital market. It was later adopted by the iPhone, iPad, and other Apple products.",
        "Year": "2001",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/itunes.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Culture", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "MySpace is founded",
        "Body": "MySpace was NOT the first social media network, but for several years, MySpace was the most popular social media site until it was eclipsed by Facebook.  Regardless of this, it helped defined social networking user through features like custom profile pages. ",
        "Year": "2003",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/myspace.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age", "Facebook", "Culture"],
        "Title": "Facebook is founded",
        "Body": "Facebook, a social media service originally made for Harvard and later all college students, was founded by Mark Zuckerberg. Facebook later became the most popular website, is now one of the biggest companies in the world, as it owns other valuable entities like Instagram, WhatsApp, and more.",
        "Year": "2004",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/facebook.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age", "Culture", ],
        "Title": "Twitter is founded",
        "Body": "Twitter, a social networking network used by hundreds of millions now, was formed in 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams (all of whom met at the American company Odeo). ",
        "Year": "2006",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/twitter.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age", "Amazon"],
        "Title": "Amazon launches Amazon Web Services: Starting the widespread usage of the cloud",
        "Body": "Amazon Web Services (AWS) was launched in 2006 by Amazon. AWS was one of the first cloud-based (computing power and infrastructure being held by a third party, virtually) tech services.  Specific services included (and still do) EC2 and S3, which automated computing power and file storage, respectively. Other companies like Microsoft and Google soon followed suit.",
        "Year": "2006",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/aws.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["AI", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Checkers is solved by an AI",
        "Body": "In the article 'Checkers is Solved', published by the journal Science, researchers showed that perfect play by AI always led to a draw.",
        "Year": "2007",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/checkers.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Apple", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Apple releases the iPhone",
        "Body": "In 2007, Apple launched the iPhone, which combined the power of the iPod with the power of a touchscreen, cellphone, web browsers. The iPhone was a massive success, and touchscreen phones quickly destroyed the marketshare of other types of cell phones. The iPhone is still the most popular cellphone by brand (Androids are more popular by OS).",
        "Year": "2007",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/iphone.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age", "Culture"],
        "Title": "Netflix pivots to streaming",
        "Body": "Netflix, which until 2007 was a DVD rental business, shifted to streaming movies and shows in 2007, which was instrumental in the popularization of media streaming.  ",
        "Year": "2007",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/netflix.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age", "Culture", "Google"],
        "Title": "Youtube is founded",
        "Body": "Youtube was founded by Chard Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim in 2005. Youtube allowed users to upload and share videos with ease, with additional features like subscriptions, comments, and more. Youtube grew quickly and was bought by Google in 2006. ",
        "Year": "2005",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/youtube.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Information Age"],
        "Title": "Bitcoin is invented",
        "Body": "Satoshi Nakamoto (a pseudonym), introduces Bitcoin to a cryptography mailing list. It initially is only known to an extremely small subsection of the population.Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have slowly but steadily become more and more relevant.",
        "Year": "2008",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/bitcoin.png",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["AI", "Culture", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "AI composes album",
        "Body": "Emily Howell, an AI program that composes music based on feedback from users, 'released' its first album, 'From Darkness, Light'. ",
        "Year": "2010",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/howell.jpg",
    },
    {
        "Filters": ["Apple", "Information Age"],
        "Title": "Steve Jobs dies",
        "Body": "Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple, died in 2011, Jobs transformed music, movies, computers, phones, and the world. ",
        "Year": "2011",
        "Citations": [],
        "TimelineImage": "/images/event-images/steve.jpg",
    },
]